01. Buchedd Andreas Apostol
edited by Alaw Mai Edwards
Andreas was an apostle and martyr who lived during the first century AD and became known as the patron saint of Scotland. The Welsh Life is incomplete with the only surviving copy in Pen 225, a manuscript dating to the late sixteenth century.
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Oherwydh yn gyntaf, gwr a elwyt Iurancolus 1 Iurancolas An unknown name; he is called Nicolaus in the Latin version (LA 13). It could be a variant form of Nicolas, but it is quite possible that the source of Pen 225 is inaccurate, cf. Antirias below (§5). a dhywot2 dywadThird singular past form of the verb dywedaf: dywedyd, ‘to say’. wrth Andreas 3 Andreas Andreas is a Greek name (although according to tradition, the apostle was a Jew) and this is the form used in the New Testament (Matthew 4:18). The variant form ‘Andras’ also occurs in Medieval Welsh literature and in the place-name Llanandras; cf. ‘Andrew’ in English sources. See The Introduction for further information about the saint’s history. y vod er ys dec mlynedh a thrugeint yn ymrodhi y odineb. Ac yn y rhyw amser, gwedhio Duw a oruc ar alhu ohono beidiaw a hynny ac ymgynnal o hynny alhan. Ac o achaws y vot yn y pechawt yn rhy wreidhioc yn yr eneit, yr ymchwelei yn ebrwydh a’r dhrycewylhys, heb dhyvot cof ydhaw vot yr Evengel yn y gymdeithas. Mynet a oruc y’r puteinduy a’i wrthladh4 gwrthladh The most likely meaning here is ‘to push away’, cf. gwrthladhier (§7) and GPC Ar Lein s.v. gwrthladd 2. a oruc y puteuneit gan dhywedyt, ‘Dos ymeith, yr henwr, canys angel Duw wyt a ni a welsam ryvedh betheu genyt.’ A gwedy hynny, atnabot bot yr angel ganthaw. Atolwc y’r apostol wedhio drostaw, ac wylaw a oruc Andreas, ac wylo o bryt echwydh5 pryt echwydhThat is tierce ‘until 3 o clock’, or, simply, ‘the afternoon’, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. pryd 1. hyt brytnawn. Ac wedy cyuoti, ni vwytaodh dhim bwyt, namyn dywedyt na vwytai ony wypei drugarhau o D[h]uw wrth yr henwr. Ac wedy vnprytiaw ohonaw v. diwrnawt y daeth attaw lef a dywedyt wrthaw, ‘Andreas, ti a gefeist dy wedhi dros yr henwr. Mal yr vnpryties ti drostaw, ymprytiet ynteu, val yr iachaer y eneit.’ Ac velly y gwnaeth. Ac wedy vnprytio ohonaw v. mis ar vara a dwr, yn gyflawn o weithredoedh da y gorphwysawdh yn yr Arglwydh. Ac yna y doeth lhef at Andreas, ‘Ynilheis[t]1 Ynilheis[t]Cf. Pen 225 ynilheis; this needs to be emended to ynilheist (‘you have won’); y gras a golhassei.’
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A hevyt, Christiann ieuanc a dhywot yn gyfrinachol wrth Andreas, ‘Vy mam, o achaws vy mot yn was ieuanc tec, a geissiawdh gennyf gytsyniaw a hi yn amherpheith. Ac am na chytsyniwn a hi, vynghyhudhaw a wnaeth wrth y medhiant a heuru dwyn trais ohonof arni. Ac atolwc ydh wyf yt wedhiaw drossof. Ef a’m divethir a mi yn wirion. Tewi a wnaf pan y’m holer, o achaws gwelh genyf vy nivetha no’m goganv yn gywilydhus o’m mam yn dhybryd.’ Ac y galwyd y mab y’r lhys; Andreas a’i cynlynawdh yn[o]. A’r vam a’i cyhudhawdh yn dhybryt am geissio ei threissio. Y gwas a dewis6 a dewisThirs singular past form of the verb tawaf: tewi‘to be or become quiet’. heb dhywedyt dim. Yna y dywot Andr[eas] wrth y wreic, ‘Y greulonaf o’r gwragedh, ai o achaws drygchwant dy gorph di y mynni di ladh dy vab?’ Hitheu a dhywot wrth yr eistedhwyr, ‘Canlyn y gwr hwnnw a wnaeth vy mab er pan geissiodh vynrheissio.’ Ac yno lhitio a wnaeth yr eistedhwyr ac erchi y vwrw mewn sach byciedic,7 sach byciedic The form pygiedig is not found in GPC, but it is likely that it is an adjective formed from the verb pygio, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. pygio ‘to cover or treat with pitch’. ag wedy hynny, y vwrw yn yr afon; a charcharu Andreas ony dharphei ydhaw vedhwl8 ony dharphei ydhaw vedhwl darphei is third singular imperfect subjunctive form of the verb darfod, meaning ‘finish, complete’, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. darfyddaf. Therefore, this clause means ‘until the judge had decided’ on Andrew’s punishment. pa dhihenydh9 dihenydh That is ‘execution’, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. dihenydd. a wnai ydho. Ac wedy gwedhio Duw o Andras ony grynnodh y dhaear a dirvawr daran, aruthrawdh10 aruthrawdhThird singular past form of the intransitive verb aruthraf: aruthro from the adjective aruthr, ‘frightful, frightening’, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. aruthraf: aruthro ‘to be horrified or terrified’. pawb ony syrthiodh hywynt y’r lhawr. A melhten aruthrodh y wreic ac a’e lhosges yn lhudw man. Ac yna y gwedhiodh pawb dros y mab ac nas lhedhyt, ac atvarnv y varn a roessit arno. Ac Andreas a wedhiodh drossvnt, a phob peth a rydhaodh. Ac yna y credodh y rhaclaw a’r holh vedhiant a oedh yno.
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Pan oedh Andreas yn ninas Nigia,11 Nigia A Greek town in the ancient province of Bithynia, see Lewis and Short Online s.v. Nicaea. It was located on the site of the present city of Iznik, Turkey. gwyr y dinas a dhywedassant vot vii gythreul odhyeithr y dinas yn lhadh pawb a elai heibiaw. A phan dhoeth Andreas yno, hwynt a dhoethant wrth ei arch yn rhith cwn. Ac ynteu a orchmynodh vdhynt vynet y’r lhe ny elhynt dhim argywedh y neb. A hwynt a dhivlannassant ymeith yngywydh pawb o’r bobloedh. A’r bobul a gredodh y Christ a chymryt bedydh. A phan dhoeth Andreas y borth eu dinas [na]chaf yno y gwelei arwein gwas truan yn varw. A gwedy gofyn i Andreas pa beth a vuassei arnaw, ac ef a dhywetpwyt ydhaw mai y ladh o vii ci yn y wely. Ac wylo a oruc Andrea[s] a dywedyt, ‘Mi a wn, Arglwydh, mei’r saith gythreul a wrthledheist o dhinas Nigia oedhynt.’ A dywedyt wrth dat y mab, ‘Beth a roi di y mi o chyfoda vi dy vab di yn vyw?’ Y dad a dhywot, ‘Nyt oes ar vy helw12 helw ‘in my possession, cf. YBH 232. dhim nas caphut, er hynny, a mi a rof y mab yt hevyd.’ Ac yna y gwedhiodh Andreas, ac ar dhiwedh y wedhi, ef a gyvodes y mab ac a ganlynodh yr apostol yn d[h]iscipl2 d[h]isciplThis word has not been lenited in Pen 225. ydhaw.
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Ac wedy hynny, val yr oedh deugein o wyr yn dyuot mewn lhong y wrandaw preceth Andreas ac y gymryt dysc a ffydh ganthaw, val yr oedhynt yn hwyliaw y doeth cythreul a thorri y lhong ac a’i bodhodh hwynt olh. A’r cyrph a dascwyt y’r lann gerbronn yr apostol. Ac yntau yn dhiameu a’u cyuodes hwynt yn vyw. A mynegi a wnaethant ydhaw eu holh dhamwein.
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Tra vu Andreas yn Ant[io]chia,13 Ant[io]chia Antioch is a Greek city located in present day Turkey. The remains of the ancient city are on the outskirt of Antakya city. ef a gyflawnhaodh14 a gyflawnhaodh Third singular past form of the verb cyflawnhau ‘to occupy,’ see GPC Ar Lein s.v. cyflawnhau; cf. LlEG Mos 158 534b, yr hrain agyulownhaodd orchymyn i brenin ‘these who carried out the king’s command’. honno15 honno This refers to the city of Antioch and because dinas (‘city’) is masculine in Middle Welsh, hwnnw rather than honno is expected here (see further GMW 34). It is possible that honno refers to Antioch as a tref ‘town’ (which has a feminie gender). ac amchwelodh y bobul y’r fydh. A gwraic Antirias 16 AntiriasThe name of this character in the Latin version is Aegeae (LA 16). He was responsible for killing Andrew after he became angry with the saint for converting his wife to Christianity. It is possible that a later hand in Pen 225 has tried to correct this personal name to ‘{[..]geas}’ on the left side of the manuscript, but the correction is very unclear because of the manuscript’s binding. a phencynghorwr a droes Andreas y’r fydh ac a vetydhiodh. A phan glybv Antirias hynny, mynet a wnaeth y’r dinas y gymhelh Christianocion y aberthu y’r geu dhuwieu. Ac yna y cyvarfu ac ef ac y dywot wrthaw, ‘Rheit yw y ti atnabot browtwr17 browtwrA variant form of brawdwr, ‘judge, justice, magistrate; one who judges, critic’, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. brawdwr. gwlat nef a’i anrhydedhu ac ymadaw a’r geu dhuwieu.’ Ac Antirias a dhywot, ‘Ai tydi yw Andreas yssydh yn precethu er a wnelit ydhaw ac a erchis tywysocion Ruvain ei dhieneitio?’ Andreas a dhyuot wrthaw, ‘Nyt atnabu tywysocion Ruvain etto weithredoedh Mab Duw.’
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Hevyd, escop crevydhus a anrhydedhei Sanct18 Sanct A variant form of sant under the influence of the Latin word sānctus, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. sant. The spelling of some words in Pen 225 has been influenced by the orthography of William Salesbury as the scribe has Latinized some Welsh words (see further Williams 1946: 43). Andreas yn vwy no neb o’r seinct ereilh. Pob peth a wnelei er anrhydedh y Dhuw ac Andreas. Cynvigenv a oruc yr hen elyn wrth yr escop, a’i holh ystrywieu y’w somi, ac ymrithiaw a wnaeth yn rhith gwreic o’r decaf ar a alhe vod. A dyuot a wnaeth yr anyspryt y lys yr escop, a dywedyt y mynnei gyffessu wrtho. Erchi a wnaeth yr escop ydhi vynet ar y penytentiari19 penytentiari It is borrowed from the English penitentiary, ‘A priest appointed or delegated to administer’, see OED Online s.v. penitentiary. a roessit ydhaw gwbl vedhiant. Dywedyt a wnaeth hitheu na vynagei hi gyurinachaeu ei chywilydh y neb onid ydho efo. Yr escop a erchis ydhi dhyuot attaw. Hitheu a dhywot, ‘Argluydh, trugarhaa wrthyf, o achaws mi a vagwyd yn gu, o achaws merch y vrenhin oedhwn. Ac yma y deuthum yn abit pererines a lhyma’r achaws. Vy nhad, brenhin cywoethawc, galhus oedh, ac a vynnei vy rhoi y wr. A mi a dhywedeis vod yn wrthwyneb gennyf bob priodas, canys mi a cysecrais vyngwyryfdot y Christ yn dragwydhawl. Ac am hynny, ny alhaf gytsynio ac ef o weithredoedh cnawdol. O’r diwedh, ef a’m cymhelhodh y vvudhau, neu ef a dorrai vymhenn ac amravaelion boeneu. Mineu a dhewisseis ymalltvd[io]3 ymalltvd[io] Cf. Pen 225 y mallavdv: an ambiguous word not included in GPC. The fact that the scribe in Pen 225 (possibly in a later hand) has underlined part of the word suggests that the meaning was ambiguous to him also. It is tentatively suggested is that it should be corrected to ymalltvd[io] ‘to exile’. yn gynt nac y torrwn briodas a Duw, ac yn dhirgeledic y phoeais. Ac wrth glywed dy sancteidhrwydh di, yr achupeis dy nawdh gan obeitho caph[ael] cyfle genyt y gynnal buchedh gynhyrchol yn dangneuedhus.’ Rhyvedhu a oruc yr escop ei bonedhigeidhrwydh a’i dirvawr degwch a’r huawdlrwydh ei pharabl, ac atteb ydhei20 ydhei A variant form of the third singular feminine form of the conjugated preposition i ‘to’ (y in Middle Welsh, see GMW 60). yn araf hygar, ‘Nag ofna,’ eb yr ef, ‘canys y neb y gadeweis[t]4 gadeweis[t] Cf. Pen 225 gadeweis. ti dy genetl o’e gariat a rydh yt rat yn y byt hwnn a chyfran o’e ogoniant rhag lhaw. A mineu, ei was ef, a’m rhof vy hvn y wedhio dros d’eneit. A’r cyfle adhewisy y drigaw yndhaw, mi a’i paraf yt, a chyta mi y cini[awa] hedhiw.’ ‘Nag aros ym,’ heb hi ‘rhag tyb a gwaethygu dy glot.’ ‘Nyt ein hvnein y bydhwn’ eb yr ef, ‘onid gyda dynion, ac am hynny ny bydh gogan arnom.’
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A dyuot a wnaethant y’r bwrdh a chyferbyn am y bwrdh ac ef yr eistedhawd hi mewn cadeir. A mynych olygon a vwriodh yr escop arni a rhyvedhu y phryt a’e thegwch. Ac val yr oedh ef yn edrych yn ei hwyneb, yr oedh yr hen elyn o’i5 o’i Pen 225: o’u but it needs to be emended to o’i (third singular pronoun). hen gofion yn bradychu y galon ynteu. Canys y hatnabod hwy a wnaeth; ac amliwio y thegwch a oruc. Ac val yr oedh yr escop yn chwenychu gwneuthur anghenniatus21 anghenniatusProbably an adjective from the stem of the verb anghaniataf ‘to disallow, forbid’, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. anghaniataol, angheniataol. weithret ac yn y cyphryt22 cyphryt‘A stir’, seeGPC Ar Lein s.v. cyffryd. That is, the bishop is becoming aroused. cyntaf, nychaf ydhoedh pererin yn maedhu’r porth ac erchi egori a wnaeth.23 ac erchi egori a wnaethThe motif of the pilgrim knocking on the door three times is also found in an episode in Culhwch ac Olwen when Culhwch arrives at the court of King Arthur, knocking on the door but is not allowed in the first two times, see CO4–5. A gofyn a oruc yr escop ydhi a oedh gymeredic genthi y elhwng y mewn. Hitheu a dhywot, ‘Gofynner ydhaw gwestiwn cyn y elhwng ac os ettyb yn dha, y elhynger, onyt ettyb, gwrthladhier.’ A’r anheilwng escop a edrychodh yno ar bob tu idhaw pwy a vei deilwng y’w ofyn y’r pererin. Ac wedy na cheid neb, dywedyt a oruc yr escop wrth yr vnbennes, ‘Arglwydhes,’ eb yr ef, ‘nyt oes neb ohonom ni mor amlwc a thydi, canys doeth a huawdl wyt.’ Ac yna y gofynnodh hi y’r pererin, ‘Drwy dy gennat, beth ryfedhaf a wnaeth Duw erioet o vewn troetvedh?’ ‘Wyneb dyn,’ eb y pererin, ‘canys gelhir atnabot pob dyn wrth ei wyneb, er amlet pobul y byt, nyt vn wyneb neb a’i gilydh.24 beth ryfedhaf a wnaeth Duw ... nyt vn wyneb neb a’i gilydh A version of this question and answer can be found in the ‘Gorchestion’, a Welsh translation of the Ioca Monachorum, translated into Welsh around the fourteenth century: Pa droedfedd dekcaf a wnaeth Dyw ar y ddayar hon? Wyneb dyn kans be bai dair mil o bobl ynyr yn lle fo ellir addnabod pawb wrth i wyneb ‘What is the fairest measure [e.g. a foot measure] God made on this earth? The face of man, because if there were three thousand people in the same place, it would be possible to recognize each one by his face’ (Bayfield and Bayless 1996: 211–12), cf. GHDafi 109.65–6. Hevyt, yn yr wyneb y mae holh synwyr y corph.’ Yna y dywot pawb, ‘Gelhwngwch y mewn, canys efo attebodh yn dha.’ ‘Gofynner ydhaw,’ ebyr hitheu, ‘gwestiwn a vo anhaws na hwnnw, val y galhom gael mwy o gyvarwydhyt. Gofynner ydhaw, pwy vchaf, ai’r dhaear, a’r nef?’ Y pererin a dhywot, ‘Vwchaf y dhaear, canys Duw a dhewisawdh gnawt dynawl a phob dyn o’r dhaear, a Duw sydh vwch no’r nefoedh.’25 pwy vchaf, ai’r dhaear, a’r nef? ... Duw sydh vwch no’r nefoedhA slightly different version of this question and answer can be found in the ‘Gorchestion’, a Welsh translation of the Ioca Monachorum, translated into Welsh around the fourteenth century: Pwy ychaf, ay {dayar} ay awyr? Ycha yw r ddayar kans Dyw a ddewisoedd knawd dyn amdano y hyn a ffob dyn dayar yw ‘Which is highest, earth or sky? Earth is highest, since God chose the flesh of man about himself, and each man is [made of] earth’ (Bayfield and Bayless 1996: 211–2, 219–20) ‘Gwir a dhywot,’ ebyr pawb. Hitheu a dhywot, ‘Gofyner ydhaw y trydydh cwestiwn, iawn ydhaw vot ar vwrdh yr escop. Gofyner ydhaw pe sawl milhtir yssydh y rhwng nef ac uf[f]ern.’ Y pererin a dhywot, ‘Dyweit ti26 dyweit ti Second singlar imperativeform of the verb dweud ‘to say’. yr neb a’i gofynnodh, gwelh y gwyr ef no myvi, canys ef a’i mesurodh pann syrthiodh gyta Lucifer 27 LuciferThe traditional name for the devil or Satan after his fall. As a result, it became a word for Satan in popular and religious literature. o’r nef y dhyfndwr uphern. Ac nyt gwreic yw ond diawl wedy ymrithio yn rhith gwreic’. Ac ar hynny y deuth ef y mewn ac a’i gorchmynodh ef y uffern. A’r escop yna amgerydhodh ac a erchis vadheueint y Dhuw. Ac edrych a welei y pererin, ac ny welei. Ac yna y gwybu’r escop y bot hi yn dhrwc ac mei Duw a sanct a’i canhorthwyassei ac a’i nodhassei ef rhag y cythreul. A lhe dyweter buchedh Andreas, ef a vydh yn gannorthwywr y rheini dhydh brawt, Amen. Nyt yw hynn ond darn ohoni.
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Because firstly, a man named Iurancolus1 Iurancolas An unknown name; he is called Nicolaus in the Latin version (LA 13). It could be a variant form of Nicolas, but it is quite possible that the source of Pen 225 is inaccurate, cf. Antirias below (§5). said2 dywadThird singular past form of the verb dywedaf: dywedyd, ‘to say’. to Andrew3 Andreas Andreas is a Greek name (although according to tradition, the apostle was a Jew) and this is the form used in the New Testament (Matthew 4:18). The variant form ‘Andras’ also occurs in Medieval Welsh literature and in the place-name Llanandras; cf. ‘Andrew’ in English sources. See The Introduction for further information about the saint’s history. that he had been committing adultery for seventy years. And at that time, he had prayed to God for the power to refrain from that and to abstain from then on. And because this sin was so deeply rooted in his soul, he would return to his evil ways quickly, forgetting that the Gospel was in his company. He went to the brothel and the prostitutes pushed him away4 gwrthladh The most likely meaning here is ‘to push away’, cf. gwrthladhier (§7) and GPC Ar Lein s.v. gwrthladd 2. saying, ‘Go away, old man, because you are an angel of God and we saw marvellous things from you.’ And after that, he realised that the angel was with him. He asked the apostle to pray for him, and Andrew wept, weeping from the morning until the afternoon.5 pryt echwydhThat is tierce ‘until 3 o clock’, or, simply, ‘the afternoon’, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. pryd 1. And when he got up, he did not eat anything, but said that he would not eat until he knew that God would take pity on the old man. And after he fasted for five days a voice came to him and told him, ‘Andrew, your prayer for the old man has been granted. As you fasted for him, he should also fast, so that his soul be healed.’ And that is what he did. And after he had fasted for five months on water and bread, he rested in the Lord full of good deeds. And then a voice came to Andrew, ‘You have restored the grace that he had lost.’
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And also, a young Christian told Andrew in confidence, ‘As I am a handsome young man, my mother had tried to force me to consent to wrong-doing with her. And because I wouldn’t consent, she betrayed me to the authorities claiming that I had assaulted her. And I am begging you to pray for me. I will be destroyed despite being innocent. I will keep quiet when I’m questioned because I would rather be destroyed than have my mother deride me disgracefully in a vile manner.’ And the young man was called to court; Andrew followed him there. And the mother accused him vilely of trying to rape her. The young man kept quiet6 a dewisThirs singular past form of the verb tawaf: tewi‘to be or become quiet’. without saying anything. Then Andrew said to the woman, ‘The cruellest of women, is it because of your body’s evil desire that you are driven to have your son killed?’ She said to the judges, ‘Ever since my son attempted to rape me he has followed that man.’ And then, the judges became very angry and ordered that he be put in a sack covered with pitch,7 sach byciedic The form pygiedig is not found in GPC, but it is likely that it is an adjective formed from the verb pygio, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. pygio ‘to cover or treat with pitch’. and after that, thrown into the river; and that Andrew be imprisoned until he [i.e. the judge] had decided8 ony dharphei ydhaw vedhwl darphei is third singular imperfect subjunctive form of the verb darfod, meaning ‘finish, complete’, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. darfyddaf. Therefore, this clause means ‘until the judge had decided’ on Andrew’s punishment. how he would execute9 dihenydh That is ‘execution’, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. dihenydd. him. And after Andrew had prayed to God until a huge thunder clap shook the earth vigorously, everyone became terrified10 aruthrawdhThird singular past form of the intransitive verb aruthraf: aruthro from the adjective aruthr, ‘frightful, frightening’, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. aruthraf: aruthro ‘to be horrified or terrified’. and fell to the floor. And a lightning bolt terrified the woman and burned her to fine ashes. And then everyone prayed for the young man who was not killed, and the judgment he had been given was reversed. And Andrew prayed for everyone, and he released everything. Then the governor and all of the authority who were there became believers.
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When Andrew was in the city of Nicaea,11 Nigia A Greek town in the ancient province of Bithynia, see Lewis and Short Online s.v. Nicaea. It was located on the site of the present city of Iznik, Turkey. the men of the city said that there were seven devils outside the city who were killing everyone who passed by. And when Andrew came there, they appeared at his command in the form of dogs. And he ordered them to go to a place where they could not harm anyone. And they disappeared in the presence of everyone. And the people believed in Christ and were baptized. And when Andrew came to their city gate, behold there he saw a poor lad being carried away dead. Afterward Andrew had asked what had happened to him, and he was told that seven dogs had killed him while he was in bed. And Andrew wept, saying, ‘I know, Lord, that they were the seven devils whom you chased out of Nicaea.’ And he said to the father of the young man, ‘What will you give me if I raise your son back to life?’ The father said, ‘There is nothing in my possession12 helw ‘in my possession, cf. YBH 232. that you could not have, and for that, I will also give you my son.’ Then Andrew prayed, and at the end of the prayer, the young man arose and followed the apostle as his disciple.
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And after that, as forty men were arriving in a ship to listen to Andrew’s sermon and be instructed by him in learning and faith, as they were sailing, a devil came and wrecked their ship and drowned them all. And their bodies were cast ashore in front of the apostle. And he certainly raised them back to life. And they told him all that had happened to them.
§5
While Andrew was in Antioch,13 Ant[io]chia Antioch is a Greek city located in present day Turkey. The remains of the ancient city are on the outskirt of Antakya city. he occupied14 a gyflawnhaodh Third singular past form of the verb cyflawnhau ‘to occupy,’ see GPC Ar Lein s.v. cyflawnhau; cf. LlEG Mos 158 534b, yr hrain agyulownhaodd orchymyn i brenin ‘these who carried out the king’s command’. it [the city]15 honno This refers to the city of Antioch and because dinas (‘city’) is masculine in Middle Welsh, hwnnw rather than honno is expected here (see further GMW 34). It is possible that honno refers to Antioch as a tref ‘town’ (which has a feminie gender). and converted the people to the faith. And Andrew turned the wife of Antirias,16 AntiriasThe name of this character in the Latin version is Aegeae (LA 16). He was responsible for killing Andrew after he became angry with the saint for converting his wife to Christianity. It is possible that a later hand in Pen 225 has tried to correct this personal name to ‘{[..]geas}’ on the left side of the manuscript, but the correction is very unclear because of the manuscript’s binding. a proconsul, to the faith and baptised [her]. And when Antirias heard about this, he went to the city to urge the Christians to offer sacrifice to the false gods. And then he [Andrew] met him and said to him, ‘You must recognise the judge17 browtwrA variant form of brawdwr, ‘judge, justice, magistrate; one who judges, critic’, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. brawdwr. of heaven and honour him and relinquish the false gods.’ And Antirias said, ‘Are you Andrew who preaches whatever is done to him and whom the princes of Rome have ordered to be executed?’ Andrew said to him, ‘The princes of Rome have not yet acknowledged the deeds of the Son of God.’
§6
Also, there was a devoted bishop who honoured St18 Sanct A variant form of sant under the influence of the Latin word sānctus, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. sant. The spelling of some words in Pen 225 has been influenced by the orthography of William Salesbury as the scribe has Latinized some Welsh words (see further Williams 1946: 43). Andrew more than any other saint. Everything he did was in honour of God and Andrew. The old enemy became envious of the bishop, and all his tricks [were aimed at] deceiving him, and he disguised himself in the form of the fairest woman there could be. And the evil spirit came to the bishop’s palace, and told him that she wanted to confess to him. The bishop ordered her to go to the penitentiary19 penytentiari It is borrowed from the English penitentiary, ‘A priest appointed or delegated to administer’, see OED Online s.v. penitentiary. who had been given complete authority. And she said that she would not reveal the secrets of her shame to anyone except him. The bishop told her to come to him. She said, ‘Lord, have pity on me, because I was brought up nobly, because I was the daughter of a king. And I have come here in the garb of a pilgrim and this is the reason. My father, a rich king, was powerful, and he wanted to give me away to a husband. And I said that I was against marriage since I had dedicated my virginity to Christ for ever. And because of that, I cannot agree with him as regards carnal deeds. Finally, he urged me to obey him, or he would cut off my head and [make me suffer] various tormrntd. I chose to be in exiled rather than break my vows to God, and I fled secretly. And when I heard of your holiness, I took to your protection hoping that you will give me a chance to live a holy life in peace.’ The bishop was amazed by her nobility and her great beauty and the eloquence of her speech, and answered her20 ydhei A variant form of the third singular feminine form of the conjugated preposition i ‘to’ (y in Middle Welsh, see GMW 60). tenderly and kindly, ‘Don’t be afraid’, he said, ‘because the one for whose love you have left your family will grant you grace in this life and a share of his glory thereafter. And I, as his servant, will offer myself to pray for your soul. And the place where you choose to reside, I will prepare for you, and you will dine with me today.’ ‘Do not wait for me,’ she said, ‘in case of suspicion and the tarnishing of your reputation.’ ‘We will not be alone’, he said, ‘but with people, and so we will not be criticized.’
§7
And they came to the table and she sat in a chair opposite him at the table. And the bishop glanced frequently at her, amazed by her countenance and beauty. And as he was looking at her face, the old enemy from his former memories was betraying his heart. Because he recognised them and he found her even more attractive. And just as the bishop was desiring to perform a forbidden21 anghenniatusProbably an adjective from the stem of the verb anghaniataf ‘to disallow, forbid’, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. anghaniataol, angheniataol. act and in the first stirring,22 cyphryt‘A stir’, seeGPC Ar Lein s.v. cyffryd. That is, the bishop is becoming aroused. there was a pilgrim pounding on the gate, and he asked for it to be opened.23 ac erchi egori a wnaethThe motif of the pilgrim knocking on the door three times is also found in an episode in Culhwch ac Olwen when Culhwch arrives at the court of King Arthur, knocking on the door but is not allowed in the first two times, see CO4–5. And the bishop asked her if she would be happy to let him in. She said, ‘Ask him a question before he is let in, and if he answers well, he may be allowed in, if not, let him be sent away.’ And the unworthy bishop looked around for someone worthy enough to question the pilgrim. And after he could not find anyone, the bishop said to the gentle woman, ‘Lady,’ he said, ‘none of us are as eminent as you, because you are wise and eloquent.’ And then she asked the pilgrim, ‘By your leave, what is the most wonderful thing that God ever created within a foot’s length?’ ‘A man’s face,’ said the pilgrim, ‘because every man can be recognized by his face, despite the multitude of people in the world, not one face is like another. Also, all the sense of the body is in the face.’24 beth ryfedhaf a wnaeth Duw ... nyt vn wyneb neb a’i gilydh A version of this question and answer can be found in the ‘Gorchestion’, a Welsh translation of the Ioca Monachorum, translated into Welsh around the fourteenth century: Pa droedfedd dekcaf a wnaeth Dyw ar y ddayar hon? Wyneb dyn kans be bai dair mil o bobl ynyr yn lle fo ellir addnabod pawb wrth i wyneb ‘What is the fairest measure [e.g. a foot measure] God made on this earth? The face of man, because if there were three thousand people in the same place, it would be possible to recognize each one by his face’ (Bayfield and Bayless 1996: 211–12), cf. GHDafi 109.65–6. Then everyone said, ‘Let him in, because he answered well.’ ‘Ask him’, she said, ‘a harder question than that, so that we can have more guidance. Ask him, which is the highest, the earth or heaven?’ The pilgrim said, ‘The earth is the highest, because God chose human flesh and every man from the earth, and God is higher than heaven.’25 pwy vchaf, ai’r dhaear, a’r nef? ... Duw sydh vwch no’r nefoedhA slightly different version of this question and answer can be found in the ‘Gorchestion’, a Welsh translation of the Ioca Monachorum, translated into Welsh around the fourteenth century: Pwy ychaf, ay {dayar} ay awyr? Ycha yw r ddayar kans Dyw a ddewisoedd knawd dyn amdano y hyn a ffob dyn dayar yw ‘Which is highest, earth or sky? Earth is highest, since God chose the flesh of man about himself, and each man is [made of] earth’ (Bayfield and Bayless 1996: 211–2, 219–20) ‘He has told the truth,’ everyone said. She said, ‘Ask him the third question [so that it may be] right for him to be at the bishop’s table. Ask him how many miles there are between heaven and hell.’ The pilgrim said, ‘Say26 dyweit ti Second singlar imperativeform of the verb dweud ‘to say’. to whoever asked that, that he knows better than I do, because he measured it when he fell with Lucifer27 LuciferThe traditional name for the devil or Satan after his fall. As a result, it became a word for Satan in popular and religious literature. from heaven to the depths of hell. And this is not a woman but a devil disguised as a woman.’ And thereupon he came inside and commended him to hell. And then the bishop chastised himself and begged for God’s forgiveness. And he looked to see if he could see the pilgrim, but he could not see him. And then the bishop knew that she was evil and that it was God and a saint that had helped him and protected him from the devil. And wherever the Life of Andrew is recited, he will be their support [i.e. the reader] on the day of Judgement, Amen. This is only a section of it.
1 Iurancolas An unknown name; he is called Nicolaus in the Latin version (LA 13). It could be a variant form of Nicolas, but it is quite possible that the source of Pen 225 is inaccurate, cf. Antirias below (§5).
2 dywadThird singular past form of the verb dywedaf: dywedyd, ‘to say’.
3 Andreas Andreas is a Greek name (although according to tradition, the apostle was a Jew) and this is the form used in the New Testament (Matthew 4:18). The variant form ‘Andras’ also occurs in Medieval Welsh literature and in the place-name Llanandras; cf. ‘Andrew’ in English sources. See The Introduction for further information about the saint’s history.
4 gwrthladh The most likely meaning here is ‘to push away’, cf. gwrthladhier (§7) and GPC Ar Lein s.v. gwrthladd 2.
5 pryt echwydhThat is tierce ‘until 3 o clock’, or, simply, ‘the afternoon’, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. pryd 1.
6 a dewisThirs singular past form of the verb tawaf: tewi‘to be or become quiet’.
7 sach byciedic The form pygiedig is not found in GPC, but it is likely that it is an adjective formed from the verb pygio, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. pygio ‘to cover or treat with pitch’.
8 ony dharphei ydhaw vedhwl darphei is third singular imperfect subjunctive form of the verb darfod, meaning ‘finish, complete’, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. darfyddaf. Therefore, this clause means ‘until the judge had decided’ on Andrew’s punishment.
9 dihenydh That is ‘execution’, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. dihenydd.
10 aruthrawdhThird singular past form of the intransitive verb aruthraf: aruthro from the adjective aruthr, ‘frightful, frightening’, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. aruthraf: aruthro ‘to be horrified or terrified’.
11 Nigia A Greek town in the ancient province of Bithynia, see Lewis and Short Online s.v. Nicaea. It was located on the site of the present city of Iznik, Turkey.
12 helw ‘in my possession, cf. YBH 232.
13 Ant[io]chia Antioch is a Greek city located in present day Turkey. The remains of the ancient city are on the outskirt of Antakya city.
14 a gyflawnhaodh Third singular past form of the verb cyflawnhau ‘to occupy,’ see GPC Ar Lein s.v. cyflawnhau; cf. LlEG Mos 158 534b, yr hrain agyulownhaodd orchymyn i brenin ‘these who carried out the king’s command’.
15 honno This refers to the city of Antioch and because dinas (‘city’) is masculine in Middle Welsh, hwnnw rather than honno is expected here (see further GMW 34). It is possible that honno refers to Antioch as a tref ‘town’ (which has a feminie gender).
16 AntiriasThe name of this character in the Latin version is Aegeae (LA 16). He was responsible for killing Andrew after he became angry with the saint for converting his wife to Christianity. It is possible that a later hand in Pen 225 has tried to correct this personal name to ‘{[..]geas}’ on the left side of the manuscript, but the correction is very unclear because of the manuscript’s binding.
17 browtwrA variant form of brawdwr, ‘judge, justice, magistrate; one who judges, critic’, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. brawdwr.
18 Sanct A variant form of sant under the influence of the Latin word sānctus, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. sant. The spelling of some words in Pen 225 has been influenced by the orthography of William Salesbury as the scribe has Latinized some Welsh words (see further Williams 1946: 43).
19 penytentiari It is borrowed from the English penitentiary, ‘A priest appointed or delegated to administer’, see OED Online s.v. penitentiary.
20 ydhei A variant form of the third singular feminine form of the conjugated preposition i ‘to’ (y in Middle Welsh, see GMW 60).
21 anghenniatusProbably an adjective from the stem of the verb anghaniataf ‘to disallow, forbid’, see GPC Ar Lein s.v. anghaniataol, angheniataol.
22 cyphryt‘A stir’, seeGPC Ar Lein s.v. cyffryd. That is, the bishop is becoming aroused.
23 ac erchi egori a wnaethThe motif of the pilgrim knocking on the door three times is also found in an episode in Culhwch ac Olwen when Culhwch arrives at the court of King Arthur, knocking on the door but is not allowed in the first two times, see CO4–5.
24 beth ryfedhaf a wnaeth Duw ... nyt vn wyneb neb a’i gilydh A version of this question and answer can be found in the ‘Gorchestion’, a Welsh translation of the Ioca Monachorum, translated into Welsh around the fourteenth century: Pa droedfedd dekcaf a wnaeth Dyw ar y ddayar hon? Wyneb dyn kans be bai dair mil o bobl ynyr yn lle fo ellir addnabod pawb wrth i wyneb ‘What is the fairest measure [e.g. a foot measure] God made on this earth? The face of man, because if there were three thousand people in the same place, it would be possible to recognize each one by his face’ (Bayfield and Bayless 1996: 211–12), cf. GHDafi 109.65–6.
25 pwy vchaf, ai’r dhaear, a’r nef? ... Duw sydh vwch no’r nefoedhA slightly different version of this question and answer can be found in the ‘Gorchestion’, a Welsh translation of the Ioca Monachorum, translated into Welsh around the fourteenth century: Pwy ychaf, ay {dayar} ay awyr? Ycha yw r ddayar kans Dyw a ddewisoedd knawd dyn amdano y hyn a ffob dyn dayar yw ‘Which is highest, earth or sky? Earth is highest, since God chose the flesh of man about himself, and each man is [made of] earth’ (Bayfield and Bayless 1996: 211–2, 219–20)
26 dyweit ti Second singlar imperativeform of the verb dweud ‘to say’.
27 LuciferThe traditional name for the devil or Satan after his fall. As a result, it became a word for Satan in popular and religious literature.
1 Ynilheis[t]Cf. Pen 225 ynilheis; this needs to be emended to ynilheist (‘you have won’);
2 d[h]isciplThis word has not been lenited in Pen 225.
3 ymalltvd[io] Cf. Pen 225 y mallavdv: an ambiguous word not included in GPC. The fact that the scribe in Pen 225 (possibly in a later hand) has underlined part of the word suggests that the meaning was ambiguous to him also. It is tentatively suggested is that it should be corrected to ymalltvd[io] ‘to exile’.
4 gadeweis[t] Cf. Pen 225 gadeweis.
5 o’i Pen 225: o’u but it needs to be emended to o’i (third singular pronoun).