15. Buchedd Lawrens y Deacon
edited by Alaw Mai Edwards
A Life of Lawrence the Deacon, a saint from Rome. The earliest copy of the Life is found in a manuscript of the late sixteenth century.
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Pab oedd yn Rhufein a elwid Sixtws1 Sixtws...y Pab Sixtus II was the pope in Rome from 257 to 258. He died on 6 August 258, during the persecution of Christians by Emperor Valerian. According to tradition, he and six other deacons were killed after they refused to worship the Roman gods (ODCC 1518). ac ef a aeth y’r Yspaen ac ef a gafas yno ddau o wyr ieuaink, vn a elwid Lawrens2 Lawrens See the Introduction. a’r llall a elwid Vincent3 Vincent He was Lawrence’s cousin who came with him to Rome to be a deacon. However, according to tradition, he returned to Spain (LA 449). He can be identified as Saint Vincent of Saragossa who served as deacon to Valerius of Saragossa, the bishop of that city. He suffered martyrdom at the hands of the Emperor Diocletian (284–305). His feast day in the west is 22 January and 11 November in the east. ac a oeddynt geraint iddo ef. Ac ef a ddoeth ac hwynt y Rufain gyd ac ef. A Lawrens a drigodd yn Rhufain ac ef a fu yn ddeacyn y’r pab. Ac ef aeth Vincent y’r Yspaen eilwaith ac yno y merthyrwyd Vincent.
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A’r amser hwnnw, yr oedd Philip4 Philip Phillip I or Philippus Arabs. He was a Roman emperor from 244 to 249. He was known for his support of the Christian faith, but there is no proof that he was actually baptized as is suggested here (ODCC 1284). ynn amherodyr yn Rhufain, a mab oedd iddaw yntau a elwid Philip. A’r rhain a gymersynt phydd Grist a bedydd, a hwynt a oeddynt yn mentimio5 maentimio Variant form of maentumio; it means ‘to guard’ or ‘to defend’ here, see GPC s.v. maentumiaf. Cristonogion. Ac y’r amherodyr hwnnw yr oedd marchoc a elwid Deciws.6 Deciws Trajan Decius was Roman emperor from 249 to 251. In 248 Phillip sent Decius to stop the rebellion of Pacatianus and his soldiers in Moesia and Pannonia in the regions of river Danube. After the fall of the rebellion, Decius saw his chance to become emperor himself. Not long after he had gained that title, he began to persecute all Christians who lived in the empire. Lawrence was one of the significant Christians who refused to submit to the new order under Decius (see further Potter_2014: 236 and ODCC 463). A rhyfel a oedd rhwng yr amherodyr a Phraink, ac efe a yrrodd Philip Ddeciws, a’i holl bower ef, y daro wrth frenhin Phraink. A Deciws a orfu ar y Phrancod7 Phrancod The Franks, the Germanic people that conquered Gaul in the 6th century; see OED s.v. Franks. ac a’i kymhellodd hwynt ynn dyngedic y amherodyr Rhufain. Ac ef a ymhoelawdd tua Rhufain. A phan glybu yr amherodyr fod Deciws yn dyfod adref gwedy gorchfygu gwyr Phraink, dyfod a oruc yr amherodyr ar gyferbyn Deciws y dref a elwid Verona,8 Verona According to historical record, Phillip was killed in 249 by Decius and his men in Verona, a city on the banks of the river Adige in Veneto, northern Italy (Potter_2014: 236). yddy fawrhau ef a diolch iddo y gywirdeb. A phan welas Deciws hynny, balchio ynddo y hun a meddylio pa ddelw y gallai ef vod ynn amherodyr. A’r nos honno, dyfod a wnaeth y marchoc melldigedic hwnnw y ystafell Philip amherodyr Rhufein a’i ladd ef yn y wely. A thrannoeth, trwy phalsedd addaweidion a rhoddion mawr, ef a droes holl wyr yr amherodyr yn wyr iddo ef. Ac yno ef a vryssiodd tua Rhufain.
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A phann glybu Philip Ieuank9 Philip Ieuank Phillip II or Marcus Julius Philippus Severus (238–249) was the son and heir of Phillip I and wife Marcia Otacilia Severa. hynny, ofni y brad a’r phalsedd a oruc ef, a rhoi cwbwl o dressor10 tressor Variant form of trysor (‘treasure’), see GPC s.v. trysor. This Life concentrates on the importance of humanity as the real treasure in comparison to gold or material wealth. The word ‘treasure’ is ambiguous throughout the text. y dad ef a’i dressor yntau y hun y’r pab y’w cadw ac y Lawrens. Ac erchi vddynt os y ladd ef a ddamweiniae, roddi y tressor hwnnw y’r eglwys ac y’r tylodion lle y gwelynt hwy fod yn elwisen. Eissioes, pho a oruc Philip Ieuank rhac Deciws, a phan welas y seneddwyr hynny, myned at Deciws a orugant hwy a gwneuthur Deciws yn amherodyr.
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Ac yna ymwrthod a oruc ef a’i gred ac ymlid y Cristonogion ymhob mann, a’i lladd heb ddim trugaredd, a’i dala a’i merthyry. Ac o’r diwedd, merthyry Philip Ieuank. Ac ymofyn o Ddeciws am dressor yr hen amherodyr. A dala y pab a oruc o achos y fod yn Gristion ac yn cadw yr enwedic dressor, a gorchmynnu myned ac ef y’r carchar gwaethaf nes iddo wneuthur aberth yddy gau dduwiau hwynt a mynegi y dywededic dressor. A phan welas Lawrens fyned a’r pab tua’r carchar, myned a oruc Lawrens ar y ol gan ddywedud, ‘Fynhad, paham yr wyd ti ynn gadel dy fab ar dy ol di?’ Ac yna y dywad11 dywad 3 sing. past form of the verb dywedaf: dywedyd ‘to say’. y pab wrth Lawrens mae myned megis gwr gwan y ryfelu yr oedd ef, ‘ac yno y deui ditheu kynn penn y pumed dydd y heddiw a rhyfelu yn gadarnach,’ heb ef, ‘no myfi. Ac ef a gayph dy gorph di vyddygoliaeth o verthyroliaeth mwy noc a gaf i.’ Ac ef a elwis Lawrens atto gan fynegi yn ddistaw iddaw iddo wneuthur dosbarth ar12 [g]wneuthur dosbarth ar I.e. dosbarthu ‘to distribute’, see GPC s.v. gwnaf. yr enwedic dryssor. Ac yna ef a ymaelwyd a Lawrens ac ef a aethbwyd ac ef at y pab y’r carchar.
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Ac yna deisif a oruc Lawrens gennad y fyned y geysio y tressor ac y’w ddangos vddynt hwy y tressor digonawl ac a bery byth yn dragywydd. Ac yna y gillyngwyd Lawrens gan dybiaid y dygai ef y tressor y gyd attyn hwy er caphel y vywyd ohono ef. Sef a wnaeth yntau, myned y dy Gristonoges a oedd yn y dref yno a llawer o Gristonogion a thylodion ynghyd genthi. A hi a roddai vddynt gymaint ac a’i gwassanaethai o’r tressor hwnnw ac iachau y cleifion o bob clefyd ar a13 ar a In Middle Welsh, ar could act as an indicative pronoun serving as the antecedent in a relative clause, see GMW 70. oedd arnynt yn enw Iessu Grist. A chasglu a oedd o dylodion yn y dref honno a rhannu y tressor rhyddynt,14 rhyddynt One of the 3 pers. plural forms of the preposition rhwng, see GPC s.v. rhyddynt, cf. HDafi 32.51. The later hand seems to have been doubtful of the validity of the form. ond a ossodassai mewn gwresgin15 gwresgin A variant form of goresgyn, that is ‘gaining possession’, see GPC s.v. goresgyn. See especially the phrase gosod mewn goresgyn ‘to place in possession, bestow or grant possession’. y’r eglwys mywn kuddfae. A dyfod o Lawrens, a’r holl dylodion yn y ol, gar bronn Deciws a dangos iddaw yr enwedic dylodion a dywedud wrthaw, ‘Gwelwch, fal dyma dryssor Iessu Grist mwyaf ac anwylaf gantho ef.’
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Ac yno y rhodded ef mywn cadwraeth Hippolitws.16 Hippolitws A saint and one of the most famous theologians of the Christian Church in Rome during the 3c. AD. According to traditions that derive from the 7c and 8c, he was converted by St Lawrence while Lawrence was in his care. His feast day is 30 January in the west and 13 August in the east (ODCC 778). Ac ydd aeth Hippolitws ac ef adref gyd ac ef lle yr oedd llawer o Iddewon yngharchar. Ac yna ydd erchis Hippolitws y Lawrens ddangos iddaw ef y tressor. Ac yna y dywad Lawrens os ef a gredai y’r Iessu Grist, y dangossai ef y tressor yddaw ef a barhai byth. Ac y dywad ynteu y gwnai ac y credodd ef a holl dylwyth y dy. A Lawrens a’i bedyddiodd hwynt yn Gristonogion. Ac yna y dywad Hippolitws y gwelai ef yr awr honno eneidiau y gwirioniaid yn llawen yn y nef.
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Ac yno y danfones Valerian17 Valerian He seems to have been Decius’s main ally and in 253 he also became a Roman emperor (until 259 AD). Like his predecessor, he ordered Christians to worship the Roman gods (ODCC 1422). y chwaer at Hippolitws gan erchi iddo ddyfod a Lawrens atto ef. Ac y dywad Lawrens wrth Hippolitus, ‘Awn ni yn dau ynghyd, canys y mae gwlad nef yn barawd y ni.’ Ac yna yr aethant yll dau at Valerian. Ac yr archodd Valerian vddunt hwy addoli ac ophrwm y’r gau dduw. Ac y dywad Lawrens yna, ‘Pa vn deilyngaf y addoli? Ai yr neb a wnaeth pob peth, ai yr neb a wnaethbwyd?’ Ac yno digio a oruc Valerian a Deciws a gorchymmynn y faeddu ef yn noeth ac yscyrsiau clymoc18 yscyrsiau clymoc The Modern English translation gives ‘whipped with scorpions’ (GL3 452) namely an ancient torturing device in the form of a knotted whip, see OED s.v. scorpion. However, the meaning of ysgyrs, according to GPC s.v. ysgwr, is ‘spear, lance, stick, staff; (thick) branch, bough, twig; piece of wood, slice, splint, lath, splinter...’. a dwyn gar y fronn ef bob rhyw ddechymyc a barai ef y wneuthyr y boeni y Cristonogion. Ac y dywad wrth Lawrens, ‘Os tydi a addola yn duwiau ni, ti a gai ras a’th gadw rhac y poenau hyn y gyd.’ Ac yna y dywad Lawrens wrth yr amherodyr, ‘Tydi, gi creulon, y bwyd19 darpar 3 sing. pres. indicative form of the verb darparu ‘to prepare’. yna a ddewisais i er ys lawer dydd y gaphel.’ Ac y dywad Deciws, ‘Os hwnnw yw yr bwyd a chwenychaist di, ple mae y kefeillon a vynny di y fwytta yr vn bwyd yna gyda thi?’ Yna y dywad Lawrens wrth yr amherodyr, ‘Nid wyd ti abyl, nac o’r vuchedd nac o’r bwyd hwnnw fal y darpar y ti gael y gwahawdd1 gwahawdd A later hand corrected this to gwawd ‘song of praise’ or ‘mockery’ in Llst 34, p. 336, l. 21. However, gwahawdd, a variant of gwahodd ‘invitation’, gives adequate sense. hwy vn waith.’ Ac yna digio a oruc Deciws a gorchmynnu y guraw a phynn cloppaon20 phynn cloppaon This is borrowed from the M.E. ‘clubbe’, see GPC s.v. clopa ‘club, knobbed stick’. ac a hayrn brwd21 hayrn brwd Hot irons, see the variant forms in GPC s.v. haearn. wrth y ystlyssau ef. Ac yna y dywad Lawrens, ‘O! Iessu Grist, Duw ar yr holl dduwiau, trugarhaa wrthyf i dy wassanaethwr di, ac ni wedais di erioed ac nis gwadaf byth.’ Ac yna y parodd Deciws y guro ef ailwaith. Ac yna y dywad Lawrens, ‘Arglwydd Iessu Grist, kymer fy yspryd attad ti’. Ac yna y clybu Ddecius lafar ywch y benn ef yn dywedud, ‘Lawrens, rhaid y ti ddioddef llawer o boenau etto kyn delych di oddyna.’ Ac yna y dywad Deciws, ‘Chwi, wyr Rhufain, pany chlywch yr ysbrydion drwc yn ymddiddan ac efo yn yr wybyr ac yn y gynghori ef?’ Ac yna y gorchmynnodd Deciws y guro ef yn dda drachefen. Ac felly y gwnaethant hwy.
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Ac yna chwerthin a oruc Lawrens a diolch y Dduw hynny, a dywedud dros22 dywedud dros Said a prayer on behalf of. yr rhai a oeddynt yn sefyll o bob tu iddo ef. Ac ydd oedd marchoc yno yn sefyll a elwid Romanws23 Romanws The knight was also a saint, whose feast day is on 9 August (the day before the feast day of St Lawrence, see Ziolkowski_1994: 54). a gredodd y’r Iessu ac a ddywad wrth Lawrens, ‘Mi a welaf angel yn sefyll gar dy vronn di a lliain yn sychu dy archollau a’th waed. A mi a erfynniaf y ti na ad fi ar dy ol yma ac o barthed Iessu caphel fy medyddio.’ Ac yna, trwy orchymynn Deciws, y torred y benn ef. Ac y dywad Deciws wrth Lawrens, ‘Y nos heno a dreulaf i y ti yn boeni.’24 yn boeni The verbal noun poeni (hurting) should not be lenited here and the order of the sentence is very odd. It is possible that a word is missing and that the reading should be yn [dy] boeni ‘hurting you’. Ac y rhodded Lawrens ynghadwraeth Valerian. Ac y cafas Romanus, kyn torri y benn, ysten bridd yn llawn dwr ac a d[d]oeth2 a ddoeth There is no dot under d here in the text in Llst 34: a doeth. This must be amended to a ddoeth in the edition. a hi ac a’i rhoes yn llaw Lawrens. Ac a’i bwriodd Lawrens ar benn y marchoc y dwr hwnnw ac a’i bedyddiodd ef velly.
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A phan nosses, ef a ddoethbwyd a Lawrens gar bronn Deciws ac ef a ddywad wrth Laurens, ‘Llyma y nos y cai di amryfaelon boenau oni throi di o’r phydd yr wyd ti ynddi.’ Ac yna y dywad Lawrens, ‘Vy nos i y sydd olau ac eglur yn y nef ac y titheu yn dywyllwch.’ Ac yna y gorchmynnodd Deciws ddwyn atto ef y gwely hayarn ac y ducpwyd yr alch25 alch A griddle or a gridiron, see GPC s.v. alch. Lewys Morgannwg associates Lawrence with a similar device, see GLMorg XCIII.17–20 Gŵr, wedi’i ladd ar y gridl wyf, / dan adain o dân ydwyf: / Sain Lorans sy’n ei lurig / a fu ar alch yn ei frig ‘A man, I’ve been killed on a griddle, under the wing of fire: / St Lawrence in his armour who was up there on the gridiron’. vawr ac y rhwymwyd Laurens ynhoeth26 ynhoeth ‘Naked’. Hoeth is a variant form of noeth, see GPC s.v. hoeth and seems to derive from the false division of yn noeth as yn (h)noeth, cf. YBH 69. arni. Ac y kynneuwyd tan dani ac y gwasgwyd corph Lawrens wrthi a phyrch heyrn. Ac yna y dywad Lawrens wrth Valerian, ‘Dy dan glo di y sydd lawenydd y mi ac y titheu yn boen dragywyddawl.’ Ac yna y dywad Lawrens, oddi ar yr alch lle ydd oedd yn rhostio, wrth yr amherodyr, ‘O! druan, y mae yr ystlys yma yn ddigon, bwytta ef, a thro y’r ystlys arall y bobi.’27 yn ddigon ... y bobi These were Lawrence’s most famous words, which he pronounced whilst roasting on the gridiron. This tradition also explains his association with cooks. Ac yna y gadewid ynn farw gorph Laurens ac yr aeth Deciws a Valerian y’w llys y hunain. Ac y doeth Hippolitws ac y cyrchodd ef gorph Lawrens yn lledrad ac y kyweiriodd3 kyweiriodd There is no dot under u in Llst 34 but cyweiriodd is clearly the word here. One of the meanings given by GPC s.v. cyweirio is ‘to lay out a corpse for burial’.28 kyweiriodd One of the meanings given in GPC s.v. cyweirio is ‘to lay out a corpse for burial’. ef a llyssieu ac iredieu. Ac y claddwyd ef yn y lle y gwnaeth ef lawer o wrthiau.
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Ac y mae yn Rhufain yn yscrifennedic fod yn Rhufain vstus a elwid Ystyphan29 Ystyphan This judge is named Stephen at GL 453; see also the Introduction. yr hwnn a gymerai wabron30 wabron GPC gives gwabron as the plural form of gwabr and gwabar which are variant forms of gwobr, see s.v. gwobr ‘bribe’. er rhoddi kamfarnau. Ac ef a wnaeth hynny yn vynych. Ac ef a dduc dri o dai oddi wrth eglwys Sant Lawrens31 eglwys Sant Lawrens Evidently, this church is the Basilica Papale di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura in Rome. During the reign of Constantine, a chapel was built on the site of St Lawrence’s relics which were in a catcacomb on the Via Tiburtina. Later, the site was associated with a church built by Pelagius II (579–90), the present church of San Lorenzo fuori le Mura (ODCC 964). a gardd oddi wrth eglwys St Agnes.32 eglwys St Agnes St Agnes has been honoured as a virgin in Rome since the 4c, where a basilica was built on the site of her relics in c.350 on the Via Nomentana. Her feast day is recorded on 21 January and 28 January (ODCC 29). Ac o’r diwedd, marw a fu yr vstus. Yna, myned a wnaethbwyd a’i enaid gar bronn Duw y gymryd y farn. Ac fal yr oedd ef yn myned, ef a welai St Lawrens a’i law yn ymafael a’i vraich ac yn y gwasgu hyd pan glywei ef hi yn llosgi, fel pei bai ar y tan, ac a welai St Agnes yn troi y hwyneb oddi wrtho4 oddi wrtho There is no dot under the u here in Llst 34: urtho. ef, ac vn o’r gwyr y rhoessai ef gam farn yn y erbyn yn rhoddi barn arno ynteu gan ddatcan iddo ef werthu gwirionedd, y varnu yntau at Siwddas Vradwr33 Siwddas Vradwr Judas Isacriot was one of the twelve apostles according to the New Testament. He became known as the one who betrayed Jesus and here his act is compared to that of the judge accepting bribes. a werthassei yn Harglwydd ni. Ac yna ef a welai Vair yn myned ac yn amhwedd34 amhwedd Probably a variant of ymhŵedd, see GPC s.v. ymhweddaf ‘to implore, to be’. On a becoming y before a nasal consonant in an ante-penultimate syllable, see GMW 2. a St Lawrens ac a St Agnes faddau iddo ef o’i rhann hwy. A hynny fu wir faddeu iddo. A Mair35 Mair The Virgin Mary; she is the last to be named because she is ranked higher than the other saints. yn erchi y’r enaid fyned i’r corph eilwaith ac felly y gwnaeth. Ac y cyfodes y corph i vynydd ac a aeth at bawb ac y gwnaethoedd yn y herbyn. Ac a roddes i da vddynt ailwaith hyd y gallodd, ac ef a archodd vaddeuaint y eraill ac ef a’i cafas. Ac yr oedd y vraich a wasgassei St Lawrens yn kynn ddued a’r glo tra fu ef vyw. Ac ymhenn deg niwarnawd ar hugain y bu farw ef ac yr aeth y enaid i’r nefoedd. Finis.
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There was a pope in Rome named Sixtus1 Sixtws...y Pab Sixtus II was the pope in Rome from 257 to 258. He died on 6 August 258, during the persecution of Christians by Emperor Valerian. According to tradition, he and six other deacons were killed after they refused to worship the Roman gods (ODCC 1518). and he went to Spain. And there he found two young men, one named Lawrence2 Lawrens See the Introduction. and the other named Vincent,3 Vincent He was Lawrence’s cousin who came with him to Rome to be a deacon. However, according to tradition, he returned to Spain (LA 449). He can be identified as Saint Vincent of Saragossa who served as deacon to Valerius of Saragossa, the bishop of that city. He suffered martyrdom at the hands of the Emperor Diocletian (284–305). His feast day in the west is 22 January and 11 November in the east. who were his cousins. And he brought them to Rome with him. And Lawrence stayed in Rome and was deacon to the pope. And Vincent returned to Spain and he was made a martyr there.
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And at that time, Phillip4 Philip Phillip I or Philippus Arabs. He was a Roman emperor from 244 to 249. He was known for his support of the Christian faith, but there is no proof that he was actually baptized as is suggested here (ODCC 1284). was emperor in Rome, and he had a son who was also named Phillip. And they took Christ’s faith and baptism, and they defended5 maentimio Variant form of maentumio; it means ‘to guard’ or ‘to defend’ here, see GPC s.v. maentumiaf. Christians. And that emperor had a knight called Decius.6 Deciws Trajan Decius was Roman emperor from 249 to 251. In 248 Phillip sent Decius to stop the rebellion of Pacatianus and his soldiers in Moesia and Pannonia in the regions of river Danube. After the fall of the rebellion, Decius saw his chance to become emperor himself. Not long after he had gained that title, he began to persecute all Christians who lived in the empire. Lawrence was one of the significant Christians who refused to submit to the new order under Decius (see further Potter_2014: 236 and ODCC 463). And there was war between the emperor and France, and Phillip sent Decius, along with his entire force, to fight against the king of France. And Decius defeated the Franks7 Phrancod The Franks, the Germanic people that conquered Gaul in the 6th century; see OED s.v. Franks. and forced them to be bound under oath to the Roman emperor. And he returned to Rome. And when the emperor heard that Decius was coming home after defeating the men of France, the emperor came to meet Decius in a city called Verona,8 Verona According to historical record, Phillip was killed in 249 by Decius and his men in Verona, a city on the banks of the river Adige in Veneto, northern Italy (Potter_2014: 236). to praise and thank him for his loyalty. And when Decius saw this, he was full of pride and wondered in what manner he could be an emperor. And that night, the accursed knight came to the chamber of Phillip, the emperor of Rome, and killed him in his bed. And the following day, through false promises and great gifts, he persuaded all of the emperor’s men to be his men. Then he rushed to Rome.
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And when Phillip the Younger9 Philip Ieuank Phillip II or Marcus Julius Philippus Severus (238–249) was the son and heir of Phillip I and wife Marcia Otacilia Severa. heard of this, he was afraid of the treason and deception, and he gave all of his father’s treasure10 tressor Variant form of trysor (‘treasure’), see GPC s.v. trysor. This Life concentrates on the importance of humanity as the real treasure in comparison to gold or material wealth. The word ‘treasure’ is ambiguous throughout the text. as well as his own treasure to the pope and Lawrence for safekeeping. And should he be killed, he asked them to distribute the treasure to the church and to the poor where they thought it would be charitable. However, Phillip the Younger had fled from Decius, and when the senators saw this, they went to Decius and made him the emperor.
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And then he rejected his faith and persecuted Christians everywhere, and slaughtered them without mercy, capturing and martyring them. And finally, he martyred Phillip the Younger. And Decius enquired about the old emperor’s treasure. And he captured the pope because he was a Christian and had in his possession the aforesaid treasure, and he ordered that he [i.e. the pope] be taken to the cruellest prison until he would offer sacrifice to their false gods and tell them where to find the aforesaid treasure. And when Lawrence saw the pope being taken to prison, Lawrence went after him saying, ‘My father, why have you left your son behind?’ And then the pope told11 dywad 3 sing. past form of the verb dywedaf: dywedyd ‘to say’. Lawrence that he was going like a weak man to war, ‘and you also will come there before the end of the fifth day from today and fight more strongly than I,’ he said. ‘And your body will have a greater victory in martyrdom than I will have.’ And he called Lawrence to him, telling him quietly to distribute12 [g]wneuthur dosbarth ar I.e. dosbarthu ‘to distribute’, see GPC s.v. gwnaf. the aforesaid treasure. And then Lawrence was seized and brought to prison with the pope.
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And then Lawrence asked permission to go and seek the treasure and to show them the plentiful treasure that will last for ever. And then they released Lawrence believing that he would bring them all the treasure in return for his life. And he went to a Christian woman’s house which was in the town there and she had gathered together many Christians and poor people. And she gave them as much of that treasure as was of use to them and healed the sick of their13 ar a In Middle Welsh, ar could act as an indicative pronoun serving as the antecedent in a relative clause, see GMW 70. various illnesses in the name of Jesus Christ. And she also gathered all of the poor people of that city together and distributed the treasure between them14 rhyddynt One of the 3 pers. plural forms of the preposition rhwng, see GPC s.v. rhyddynt, cf. HDafi 32.51. The later hand seems to have been doubtful of the validity of the form. except for that which she had placed in the possession15 gwresgin A variant form of goresgyn, that is ‘gaining possession’, see GPC s.v. goresgyn. See especially the phrase gosod mewn goresgyn ‘to place in possession, bestow or grant possession’. of the church in hiding-places. And Lawrence came before Decius, followed by all of the poor, and showed him the aforesaid poor people and said to him, ‘Look, here is Jesus Christ’s greatest and dearest treasure.’
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And then he was put under Hippolytus’s16 Hippolitws A saint and one of the most famous theologians of the Christian Church in Rome during the 3c. AD. According to traditions that derive from the 7c and 8c, he was converted by St Lawrence while Lawrence was in his care. His feast day is 30 January in the west and 13 August in the east (ODCC 778). care. And Hippolytus took him home with him to a place where many Jews were imprisoned. And then Hippolytus asked Lawrence to show him the treasure. And Lawrence said if he [i.e. Hippolytus] believed in Jesus Christ, then he would show him the treasure that would last for ever. And he said he would [believe], and he and all his household believed. And Lawrence baptized them all as Christians. And then Hippolytus said he could instantly see the souls of the innocent rejoicing in heaven.
§7
And then Valerian17 Valerian He seems to have been Decius’s main ally and in 253 he also became a Roman emperor (until 259 AD). Like his predecessor, he ordered Christians to worship the Roman gods (ODCC 1422). sent his sister to Hippolytus asking him to bring Lawrence to him. And Lawrence said to Hippolytus, ‘Let us both go together, as the land of heaven is ready for us.’ And then both of them went to Valerian. And Valerian asked them to worship and to offer sacrifice to the false god. And Lawrence then said, ‘which one is most worthy of worship? Is it the one who has created everything, or the one who has been created?’ And then Valerian and Decius became angry and ordered that he be beaten naked with knotted scourges18 yscyrsiau clymoc The Modern English translation gives ‘whipped with scorpions’ (GL3 452) namely an ancient torturing device in the form of a knotted whip, see OED s.v. scorpion. However, the meaning of ysgyrs, according to GPC s.v. ysgwr, is ‘spear, lance, stick, staff; (thick) branch, bough, twig; piece of wood, slice, splint, lath, splinter...’. and that every contrivance he had caused to be made to torture Christians be brought before him. And then he said to Lawrence, ‘If you worship our gods, you will receive grace and be saved from all of these torments.’ And Lawrence said to the emperor, ‘You, cruel dog, I chose to have that meal a long time ago.’ And Decius said, ‘If that is the meal19 darpar 3 sing. pres. indicative form of the verb darparu ‘to prepare’. you desired, where are the friends you want to eat that same meal with you?’ And then Lawrence said to the emperor, ‘You are not fit for that life or meal, so that you intent to invite them once more’ And then Decius became angry and demanded that he [Lawrence] be beaten with clubs20 phynn cloppaon This is borrowed from the M.E. ‘clubbe’, see GPC s.v. clopa ‘club, knobbed stick’. and with hot irons21 hayrn brwd Hot irons, see the variant forms in GPC s.v. haearn. on his side. And then Lawrence said, ‘Oh! Jesus Christ, God of all gods, have mercy upon me, your servant, who has never disowned you nor will ever disown you.’ And then Decius caused him to be beaten again. Then Lawrence said, ‘Lord Jesus Christ, receive my spirit to you.’ And then Decius heard a voice above his head saying, ‘Lawrence, you will have to suffer further torments before you leave there.’ And then Decius said, ‘You, men of Rome, can’t you hear the evil spirits talking with him in the sky, and advising him?’ And then Decius ordered that he should be well beaten. And they did so.
§8
And then Lawrence laughed and thanked God for that, and prayed for22 dywedud dros Said a prayer on behalf of. the ones standing beside him. And there was a knight standing there called Romanus23 Romanws The knight was also a saint, whose feast day is on 9 August (the day before the feast day of St Lawrence, see Ziolkowski_1994: 54). who believed in Jesus and said to Lawrence, ‘I can see an angel standing before you with a cloth wiping your wounds and your blood. And I beg you don’t leave me behind here and grant that I may be baptized through Jesus.’ And then, through Decius’s command, he was beheaded. And Decius said to Lawrence, ‘I will spend tonight punishing you.’24 yn boeni The verbal noun poeni (hurting) should not be lenited here and the order of the sentence is very odd. It is possible that a word is missing and that the reading should be yn [dy] boeni ‘hurting you’. And Lawrence was put in Valerian’s keeping. And before Romanus was beheaded, he was give an earthen pitcher full of water, and he brought it and gave it to Lawrence. And Lawrence poured that water over the knight and baptized him in that way.
§9
And when night came, Lawrence was brought before Decius who said to Lawrence, ‘This is the night that you will receive various torments if you do not turn against your current faith.’ And then Lawrence said, ‘My night is bright and clear in heaven and for you it is darkness.’ And then Decius ordered that the iron bed be brought to him and the large gridiron25 alch A griddle or a gridiron, see GPC s.v. alch. Lewys Morgannwg associates Lawrence with a similar device, see GLMorg XCIII.17–20 Gŵr, wedi’i ladd ar y gridl wyf, / dan adain o dân ydwyf: / Sain Lorans sy’n ei lurig / a fu ar alch yn ei frig ‘A man, I’ve been killed on a griddle, under the wing of fire: / St Lawrence in his armour who was up there on the gridiron’. was brought to which Lawrence was tied naked.26 ynhoeth ‘Naked’. Hoeth is a variant form of noeth, see GPC s.v. hoeth and seems to derive from the false division of yn noeth as yn (h)noeth, cf. YBH 69. And a fire was lit beneath it and Lawrence’s body was pressed onto it with iron rods. And then Lawrence said to Valerian, ‘Your coal fire is a joy for me and for you it is eternal pain.’ And then Lawrence said to the emperor from the gridiron where he was roasting, ‘Oh! You wretch, this side has cooked, eat it, and turn the other side to roast.’27 yn ddigon ... y bobi These were Lawrence’s most famous words, which he pronounced whilst roasting on the gridiron. This tradition also explains his association with cooks. And then Lawrence’s body was left dead and Decius and Valerian went to their own court. Aferwards Hippolytus came and took Lawrence’s body in secret and dressed28 kyweiriodd One of the meanings given in GPC s.v. cyweirio is ‘to lay out a corpse for burial’. it with herbs and balsams. And it was buried in a place where it performed many miracles.
§10
And at Rome it is written down that there was a judge in Rome named Stephen29 Ystyphan This judge is named Stephen at GL 453; see also the Introduction. who took bribes30 wabron GPC gives gwabron as the plural form of gwabr and gwabar which are variant forms of gwobr, see s.v. gwobr ‘bribe’. for delivering injustice. And he did this often. And he stole three houses from the church of St Lawrence31 eglwys Sant Lawrens Evidently, this church is the Basilica Papale di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura in Rome. During the reign of Constantine, a chapel was built on the site of St Lawrence’s relics which were in a catcacomb on the Via Tiburtina. Later, the site was associated with a church built by Pelagius II (579–90), the present church of San Lorenzo fuori le Mura (ODCC 964). and a garden from the church of St Agnes.32 eglwys St Agnes St Agnes has been honoured as a virgin in Rome since the 4c, where a basilica was built on the site of her relics in c.350 on the Via Nomentana. Her feast day is recorded on 21 January and 28 January (ODCC 29). And at last, the judge died. Afterwards, his soul was taken before God to be judged. And as he went, he saw St Lawrence with his hand clutching his arm and squeezing it until he could feel it burning, as if it were on the fire; and he saw St Agnes turning her face away from him, and one of the men who he had falsely judged was now judging him, declaring that he had sold the truth, like Judas the Traitor33 Siwddas Vradwr Judas Isacriot was one of the twelve apostles according to the New Testament. He became known as the one who betrayed Jesus and here his act is compared to that of the judge accepting bribes. who had betrayed our Lord. And then he saw Mary going to plead34 amhwedd Probably a variant of ymhŵedd, see GPC s.v. ymhweddaf ‘to implore, to be’. On a becoming y before a nasal consonant in an ante-penultimate syllable, see GMW 2. with St Lawrence and with St Agnes to forgive him for their part. And that truly was forgiveness for him. And Mary35 Mair The Virgin Mary; she is the last to be named because she is ranked higher than the other saints. asked for his soul to return to his body, and that is what it did. And the body rose up and went to everyone whom he had mistreated. And, to the best of his ability, he returned to them their possessions, and he asked others for forgiveness and he received it. And the arm which St Lawrence had squeezed was as black as coal as long as he lived. And in thirty days he died and his soul went to heaven. The End.
1 Sixtws...y Pab Sixtus II was the pope in Rome from 257 to 258. He died on 6 August 258, during the persecution of Christians by Emperor Valerian. According to tradition, he and six other deacons were killed after they refused to worship the Roman gods (ODCC 1518).
2 Lawrens See the Introduction.
3 Vincent He was Lawrence’s cousin who came with him to Rome to be a deacon. However, according to tradition, he returned to Spain (LA 449). He can be identified as Saint Vincent of Saragossa who served as deacon to Valerius of Saragossa, the bishop of that city. He suffered martyrdom at the hands of the Emperor Diocletian (284–305). His feast day in the west is 22 January and 11 November in the east.
4 Philip Phillip I or Philippus Arabs. He was a Roman emperor from 244 to 249. He was known for his support of the Christian faith, but there is no proof that he was actually baptized as is suggested here (ODCC 1284).
5 maentimio Variant form of maentumio; it means ‘to guard’ or ‘to defend’ here, see GPC s.v. maentumiaf.
6 Deciws Trajan Decius was Roman emperor from 249 to 251. In 248 Phillip sent Decius to stop the rebellion of Pacatianus and his soldiers in Moesia and Pannonia in the regions of river Danube. After the fall of the rebellion, Decius saw his chance to become emperor himself. Not long after he had gained that title, he began to persecute all Christians who lived in the empire. Lawrence was one of the significant Christians who refused to submit to the new order under Decius (see further Potter_2014: 236 and ODCC 463).
7 Phrancod The Franks, the Germanic people that conquered Gaul in the 6th century; see OED s.v. Franks.
8 Verona According to historical record, Phillip was killed in 249 by Decius and his men in Verona, a city on the banks of the river Adige in Veneto, northern Italy (Potter_2014: 236).
9 Philip Ieuank Phillip II or Marcus Julius Philippus Severus (238–249) was the son and heir of Phillip I and wife Marcia Otacilia Severa.
10 tressor Variant form of trysor (‘treasure’), see GPC s.v. trysor. This Life concentrates on the importance of humanity as the real treasure in comparison to gold or material wealth. The word ‘treasure’ is ambiguous throughout the text.
11 dywad 3 sing. past form of the verb dywedaf: dywedyd ‘to say’.
12 [g]wneuthur dosbarth ar I.e. dosbarthu ‘to distribute’, see GPC s.v. gwnaf.
13 ar a In Middle Welsh, ar could act as an indicative pronoun serving as the antecedent in a relative clause, see GMW 70.
14 rhyddynt One of the 3 pers. plural forms of the preposition rhwng, see GPC s.v. rhyddynt, cf. HDafi 32.51. The later hand seems to have been doubtful of the validity of the form.
15 gwresgin A variant form of goresgyn, that is ‘gaining possession’, see GPC s.v. goresgyn. See especially the phrase gosod mewn goresgyn ‘to place in possession, bestow or grant possession’.
16 Hippolitws A saint and one of the most famous theologians of the Christian Church in Rome during the 3c. AD. According to traditions that derive from the 7c and 8c, he was converted by St Lawrence while Lawrence was in his care. His feast day is 30 January in the west and 13 August in the east (ODCC 778).
17 Valerian He seems to have been Decius’s main ally and in 253 he also became a Roman emperor (until 259 AD). Like his predecessor, he ordered Christians to worship the Roman gods (ODCC 1422).
18 yscyrsiau clymoc The Modern English translation gives ‘whipped with scorpions’ (GL3 452) namely an ancient torturing device in the form of a knotted whip, see OED s.v. scorpion. However, the meaning of ysgyrs, according to GPC s.v. ysgwr, is ‘spear, lance, stick, staff; (thick) branch, bough, twig; piece of wood, slice, splint, lath, splinter...’.
19 darpar 3 sing. pres. indicative form of the verb darparu ‘to prepare’.
20 phynn cloppaon This is borrowed from the M.E. ‘clubbe’, see GPC s.v. clopa ‘club, knobbed stick’.
21 hayrn brwd Hot irons, see the variant forms in GPC s.v. haearn.
22 dywedud dros Said a prayer on behalf of.
23 Romanws The knight was also a saint, whose feast day is on 9 August (the day before the feast day of St Lawrence, see Ziolkowski_1994: 54).
24 yn boeni The verbal noun poeni (hurting) should not be lenited here and the order of the sentence is very odd. It is possible that a word is missing and that the reading should be yn [dy] boeni ‘hurting you’.
25 alch A griddle or a gridiron, see GPC s.v. alch. Lewys Morgannwg associates Lawrence with a similar device, see GLMorg XCIII.17–20 Gŵr, wedi’i ladd ar y gridl wyf, / dan adain o dân ydwyf: / Sain Lorans sy’n ei lurig / a fu ar alch yn ei frig ‘A man, I’ve been killed on a griddle, under the wing of fire: / St Lawrence in his armour who was up there on the gridiron’.
26 ynhoeth ‘Naked’. Hoeth is a variant form of noeth, see GPC s.v. hoeth and seems to derive from the false division of yn noeth as yn (h)noeth, cf. YBH 69.
27 yn ddigon ... y bobi These were Lawrence’s most famous words, which he pronounced whilst roasting on the gridiron. This tradition also explains his association with cooks.
28 kyweiriodd One of the meanings given in GPC s.v. cyweirio is ‘to lay out a corpse for burial’.
29 Ystyphan This judge is named Stephen at GL 453; see also the Introduction.
30 wabron GPC gives gwabron as the plural form of gwabr and gwabar which are variant forms of gwobr, see s.v. gwobr ‘bribe’.
31 eglwys Sant Lawrens Evidently, this church is the Basilica Papale di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura in Rome. During the reign of Constantine, a chapel was built on the site of St Lawrence’s relics which were in a catcacomb on the Via Tiburtina. Later, the site was associated with a church built by Pelagius II (579–90), the present church of San Lorenzo fuori le Mura (ODCC 964).
32 eglwys St Agnes St Agnes has been honoured as a virgin in Rome since the 4c, where a basilica was built on the site of her relics in c.350 on the Via Nomentana. Her feast day is recorded on 21 January and 28 January (ODCC 29).
33 Siwddas Vradwr Judas Isacriot was one of the twelve apostles according to the New Testament. He became known as the one who betrayed Jesus and here his act is compared to that of the judge accepting bribes.
34 amhwedd Probably a variant of ymhŵedd, see GPC s.v. ymhweddaf ‘to implore, to be’. On a becoming y before a nasal consonant in an ante-penultimate syllable, see GMW 2.
35 Mair The Virgin Mary; she is the last to be named because she is ranked higher than the other saints.
1 gwahawdd A later hand corrected this to gwawd ‘song of praise’ or ‘mockery’ in Llst 34, p. 336, l. 21. However, gwahawdd, a variant of gwahodd ‘invitation’, gives adequate sense.
2 a ddoeth There is no dot under d here in the text in Llst 34: a doeth. This must be amended to a ddoeth in the edition.
3 kyweiriodd There is no dot under u in Llst 34 but cyweiriodd is clearly the word here. One of the meanings given by GPC s.v. cyweirio is ‘to lay out a corpse for burial’.
4 oddi wrtho There is no dot under the u here in Llst 34: urtho.